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The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. [123] [124] [125] Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror. [126] Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. [127] [128] Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration, law, and education. [129] [130] [131] The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's downfall, established a new balance of power in Europe centred on the five " Great Powers ": the UK, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia. [132] This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK.

Format: Paperback
Language: 1
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 13.52 MB
Downloadable formats: PDF
The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. [123] [124] [125] Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror. [126] Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. [127] [128] Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration, law, and education. [129] [130] [131] The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's downfall, established a new balance of power in Europe centred on the five " Great Powers ": the UK, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia. [132] This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK.
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